The California GeographerJournal of California Geographical Societyhttp://hdl.handle.net/10211.3/2152612024-03-29T14:03:15Z2024-03-29T14:03:15ZThe Effects of In-store Marketing of Infant Formula and Lactation Support Products Among Stores in Black and White Zip Codes Across Los Angeles CountyShodahl, SkyeBanerjee, MeetaRussell, AqueelahBlackman, Kacie C.A.http://hdl.handle.net/10211.3/2244452022-11-07T21:00:27Z2022-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Effects of In-store Marketing of Infant Formula and Lactation Support Products Among Stores in Black and White Zip Codes Across Los Angeles County
Shodahl, Skye; Banerjee, Meeta; Russell, Aqueelah; Blackman, Kacie C.A.
The World Health Organization adopted the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes to prompt governments to regulate the marketing of artificial supplementation. This code was designed to protect the most vulnerable (babies) by ending unethical infant formula marketing. The United States (U.S.) signed on to support this code, yet there is little governance to enforce it. As a result, infant formula marketing continues to disproportionately target Black families and undermine efforts for breastfeeding promotion in the U.S. This is problematic as rates of breastfeeding among Black populations are consistently the lowest compared to other races/ethnicities (with White populations having highest breastfeeding rates). To gain a deeper understanding of the social barriers to breastfeeding among ethnic minority lactating persons, the current study investigates in-store marketing and health claims of infant feeding products across Black and White communities in Los Angeles County. Trained researchers utilized observational methods to explore marketing aspects and health claims of infant formula, follow-on formula, and galactagogues products in June 2019. This was a cross-sectional study that included 47 retail stores in Black (N=24) and White (N=23) communities across 20 zip codes. Findings indicate that stores in majority White zip codes, compared to those in majority Black zip codes, had greater multi-pack discount marketing of infant formula and bottled purified water marketed for mixing infant formula (17.4 percent Black vs. 60.9 percent White, p<0.01). Additionally, stores in majority White zip codes, compared to those in majority Black zip codes, had more infant formula products and galactagogue beverage products with health claims on their label. The results of this study suggest a minimal difference in in-store marketing and use of health claims on labels for infant formula, follow-on formula, and galactagogues products between stores in the communities included in this study. Overall, the findings underscore an opportunity for the marketing and education of safe and quality galactagogue products for persons who may be struggling with initiating and maintaining lactation.
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Climate Response of P. lambertiana, P. monticola, and P. jeffreyi
in Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks, CaliforniaVillalba, RaymondMatheus, Trevis J.http://hdl.handle.net/10211.3/2244442022-11-07T20:59:52Z2022-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Climate Response of P. lambertiana, P. monticola, and P. jeffreyi
in Yosemite and Sequoia National Parks, California
Villalba, Raymond; Matheus, Trevis J.
This research investigates the sub-annual climate response of ten Pinus lambertiana and eight Pinus jeffreyi from Yosemite, and ten Pinus monticola and ten Pinus jeffreyi from Sequoia. We investigate the potential of using resin ducts to measure the earlywood and latewood of P. lambertiana and P. monticola and compare this growth with co-occurring, traditionally measured P. jeffreyi. Correlation analyses of ring widths with average monthly temperature, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and precipitation were conducted. Our results show that the resin duct method performed poorly at both sites but better with P. lambertiana at Yosemite. Species at both sites generally have a positive correlation with precipitation. Earlywood and latewood correlations with climate were relatively weak. Temperature and VPD correlations were generally positive in the spring and negative in the summer months at both sites for all three species. These results reveal that future increases in temperature and VPD will leave these trees vulnerable to future droughts. More samples are needed throughout the Sierras to determine if the resin duct method can be used for sub annual climate reconstructions, if these results can be generalized, and if sub-annual reconstructions are possible for these three species.
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZGeographic ChroniclesDerrick, MatthewDíaz-Garayúa, Joséhttp://hdl.handle.net/10211.3/2244472022-11-07T21:01:59Z2022-01-01T00:00:00ZGeographic Chronicles
Derrick, Matthew; Díaz-Garayúa, José
2022 CGS Annual Conference Award Winners and Annual Conference Proceedings
2022-01-01T00:00:00ZLearning GIS Using Open Source Software: An Applied Guide for Geo-spatial AnalysisKalra, Rajranihttp://hdl.handle.net/10211.3/2244462022-11-07T21:01:33Z2022-01-01T00:00:00ZLearning GIS Using Open Source Software: An Applied Guide for Geo-spatial Analysis
Kalra, Rajrani
Learning GIS using Open Source Software: An Applied Guide for Geo-spatial Analysis' is an excellent addition to the list of textbooks written in recent years in the area of GIS using open-source software. The lead author, Kakoli Saha, is a well-known researcher with 15 years of experience in the field of geography and has written several research papers with GIS applications in geography and planning. The co-author, Yngve Frøyen, is a Norwegian planner with three decades of research, teaching, and publications in the areas of physical planning and sustainable urban transportation. The book in particular offers knowledge on the tools and techniques in GIS, and how these methods can be applied to real-world projects in the areas of urban and regional planning on the Indian subcontinent using open-source software.
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