Has e-commerce changed the Los Angeles bookstore landscape?

Over the past few years with the rise of e-commerce, bookstores everywhere have been closing down. This study aims to see if e-commerce has had an effect on the closing of these bookstores. This study used consumer surveys, interviews of bookstore owners, and GIS techniques to find the effects e-commerce has had on bookstores in Los Angeles County. It appears consumers prefer e-commerce as the form of buying books, and most but not all bookstore owners have had a tough time competing. Also income and education levels proved to be a factor in the opening of bookstores but not in the success of a store. Bookstores have closed everywhere across Los Angeles, and it is evident that the landscape has changed.