Effects of surf therapy on self-determination and quality of life in young adults with autism spectrum disorder

Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) typically exhibit low levels of self-determination and quality of life (Wehmeyer Shogren, 2017; Heijst Geurts, 2014). Such deficits are associated with lower rates of employment and independent living as well as an increased risk for depressive and anxiety related disorders (Leyfer et al, 2006). Purpose: The purpose of this mixed methods study was to evaluate the effects of surf therapy on self-determination and quality of life and to capture the meaning and value that young adults with ASD ascribe to their experience. Methods: Fifteen participants (age 18-26) enrolled in a surf therapy program participated in this study. The Arc's Self-Determination Scale and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Field Scale were used to collect measurements before, immediately following, and six weeks following the program. Additionally, qualitative data were collected via photovoice, a participant-centered research methodology that uses picture-taking as an alternative form of communication and self-expression. Participants took part in a focus group following the program during which they discussed their photographs that most accurately reflected their experience of surf therapy and how it impacted their lives. Quantitative and qualitative data were merged during the interpretation of the results using a convergent triangulation design. Data Analysis: A paired samples t-test was conducted to compare the measurements (pre/post/retention) of self-determination and quality of life. Qualitative data were collected through artifacts (photographs) and as verbatim transcript which was analyzed using a generic coding process. Results: Statistically significant improvements were found for both self-determination (pre-post: p 0.001; pre-follow-up: p 0.001) and quality of life (pre-post: p = 0.002; pre-follow-up: p 0.001). Additionally, four shared themes emerged from the qualitative data: positive psychological impact, socialization and community, changing perspectives of physical activity, and surf therapy as an empowering and uplifting experience. Conclusion: Findings from this study support surf therapy as an effective method for improving self-determination and quality of life in young adults with ASD. Furthermore, the results support the exploration of alternative physical-activity based programs for the psychosocial benefit of young adults with ASD. Keywords: surf therapy, Autism Spectrum Disorder, self-determination, quality of life, mixed-methods design